Understanding Angina: Causes, Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, Prevention, and Lifestyle Management for Heart Health

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Angina

 Angina refers to chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, typically due to coronary artery disease (CAD). It is a symptom, not a disease, and often indicates an underlying heart problem.


Types of Angina:

1. Stable Angina:

• Predictable and occurs during physical exertion or emotional stress.

• Relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.

2. Unstable Angina:

• Unpredictable, occurs at rest or with minimal exertion.

• A medical emergency as it may signal an impending heart attack (acute coronary syndrome).


Symptoms:

• Chest pain or pressure (often described as squeezing, burning, or tightness).

• Pain may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.

• Shortness of breath.

• Nausea, fatigue, or dizziness.

• Sweating (diaphoresis).

Causes and Risk Factors:

Causes:

• Reduced blood flow due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) in coronary arteries.

• Spasm of coronary arteries.

Risk Factors:

• High blood pressure.

•High cholesterol

•Smoking.

• Diabetes.

• Obesity or physical inactivity.

• Family history of heart disease.

Diagnosis:

• History and Physical Examination: Assess symptoms and triggers.

• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Detects ischemic changes during pain episodes.

• Stress Test: Evaluates heart function during exertion.

• Coronary Angiography: Identifies blockages in coronary arteries.

• Blood Tests: Check for cardiac enzymes to rule out a heart attack.

Management:

Lifestyle Modifications:

•Stop smoking.

• Follow a heart-healthy diet (low in salt, fat, and cholesterol).

• Exercise regularly under medical guidance.

•Manage stress.

Medications:

• Nitroglycerin: Relieves chest pain by dilating blood vessels.

• Beta-blockers: Reduces heart workload.

• Calcium channel blockers: Prevents artery spasms and lowers BP.

• Antiplatelet drugs: Prevents blood clots (e.g., aspirin).

• Cholesterol-lowering drugs: Reduces plaque buildup (e.g., statins).


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