Halothane: A Classic Inhalational Agent Once Widely Used in Surgical Anesthesia for Smooth Induction

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🧠 Introduction to Halothane


Halothane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic that was extensively used from the 1950s until safer alternatives like sevoflurane and desflurane replaced it. Known for its non-pungent odor, smooth induction, and potent effects, halothane played a pivotal role in advancing modern anesthesia.






⚙️ Mechanism of Action


Halothane works primarily by enhancing GABA-A receptor activity, leading to neuronal hyperpolarization and CNS depression. It also inhibits NMDA receptors and other excitatory ion channels. These actions result in loss of consciousness, muscle relaxation, and immobility during surgery.






🩺 Clinical Uses


Though rarely used today, halothane was historically favored for:

Pediatric anesthesia (due to its pleasant smell)

Smooth mask induction

Low cost in resource-limited settings



⚠️ Side Effects and Risks


Halothane’s popularity declined due to several concerns:


Hepatotoxicity (Halothane hepatitis)


Myocardial sensitization to catecholamines (risk of arrhythmia)


Malignant hyperthermia in susceptible individuals


Postoperative liver dysfunction



🧪 Pharmacological Properties





MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration): ~0.75%


Blood:Gas partition coefficient: ~2.4 → slower induction/recovery compared to newer agents


Stored in amber-colored bottles due to light sensitivity.



🧾 Conclusion


Halothane served as a cornerstone in the evolution of anesthesia. Despite being largely phased out due to safety concerns, its use shaped protocols, awareness of hepatotoxicity, and the development of newer, safer agents. Understanding halothane's strengths and drawbacks helps anesthesiologists appreciate the progress made in inhalational anesthesia.


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